{"id":49722,"date":"2017-07-01T15:32:00","date_gmt":"2017-07-01T19:32:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/emu.edu\/now\/news\/?p=49722"},"modified":"2021-07-01T15:38:15","modified_gmt":"2021-07-01T19:38:15","slug":"african-american-history-at-emu-a-timeline","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/emu.edu\/now\/news\/2017\/african-american-history-at-emu-a-timeline\/","title":{"rendered":"African American history at EMU: a timeline"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u201cDiversify\u201d is a one of four key goals of EMU\u2019s strategic plan<\/a> and a committee on diversity and inclusion<\/a> plays a key role in campus life and decision making. However, the broader culture, country and our small community have much work to do to welcome all. This timeline shows the painful realities of exclusion that is part of the EMU story. We celebrate change, and acknowledge that we fall short.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

***<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1864<\/strong> \u2013 Virginia Mennonite Conference (VMC) dictates<\/a> that Mennonites cannot own or trade slaves, and sets restrictions for receiving slave labor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1917<\/strong> \u2013 Eastern Mennonite School (EMS) is established.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1920<\/strong> \u2013 VMC debates<\/a> allowing Black people in their churches. They are allowed with caution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1925<\/strong> \u2013 Two \u201cmulatto\u201d girls are accepted<\/a> as members of Peake Mennonite Church after a year of deliberation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1925<\/strong> \u2013 VMC disapproves<\/a> of marriages and close friendships between races. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1930s<\/strong> \u2013 EMS student Thelma McConnell<\/a> (white) begins visiting the Black neighborhood of Newtown in Harrisonburg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1935<\/strong> \u2013 The EMS Young People\u2019s Christian Association (YPCA) begins holding cottage prayer meetings<\/a> in local Black homes, led by Thelma McConnell.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1934 \u2013 <\/strong>Ernest Swartzendruber (white) takes two years of classes at EMS<\/a> (received BS in \u201964).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\/1936<\/strong> \u2013 YPCA cottage prayer meetings get funding from VMC<\/a> to rent a building for mission church services. Students and faculty clean out<\/a> a vacant storefront at the corner of Gay and Federal Streets, and hold Sunday school in the morning for whites, and afternoon for blacks. Ernest Swartzendruber becomes the superintendent. The community objects<\/a> to Black and white services being held in the same building. Rowena Lark (Black) helps lead a summer Bible school.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10\/1936<\/strong> \u2013 The mission separates<\/a> into two buildings, black in the original building and white on Chicago Ave. Ernest Swartzendruber remains<\/a> superintendent of the Black mission. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1938 <\/strong>\u2013 The mission board is uneasy<\/a> reaching out to Black adults instead of just children. They consider closing down the Black mission. Ernest invites EMS professor Ernest E. Gehman to host evangelist meetings. Rowena makes waves by singing expressively, preaching during the children\u2019s service, and being close friends with Ernest\u2019s wife Fannie. In the next few years Rowena leaves for Chicago, where she is better received by white Mennonites. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1940<\/strong> \u2013 Four Black adults ask to be baptized<\/a> into the mission church. They are baptized in December. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1940 \u2013 <\/strong>Thomas Stewart applies to take Bible courses<\/a> at EMS, and is told he will have to do so by correspondence because of \u201copposition likely to arise between the attitudes of the northern and southern students,\u201d and because the state had ruled against integrated public schooling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1941<\/strong> \u2013 VMC and the Mission board put together rules<\/a> about Black and white integration at church. It is opposed by many mission members, including Ernest and Fannie. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1942<\/strong> \u2013 VMC gives funding<\/a> for a permanent building, Broad Street Mission. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1943<\/strong> \u2013 Roberta Webb becomes<\/a> the first Black Harrisonburg resident to become Mennonite (at Broad Street Mission). Notice is given on March 10: \u201cLast Sunday in our communion service one more was added to the number of members here. Pray for this lady, Mrs Webb, that she may re\u00acmain faithful to her promise and bring her daughters to her Saviour.\u201d She begins pressuring EMS to enroll her three daughters. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a Sept. 13 service at \u201cGay Street Mennonite Mission for the Colored,\u201d Students Lester Eshleman and George R. Brunk contributed to the main part of the service. The following description also appears: Sister Webb, a recent convert, led the closing song \u201cSteal away to Jesus,\u201d and she knew how to do it.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1943<\/strong> \u2013 Fed up with the mission\u2019s racial attitudes, Fannie Swartzendruber storms out <\/a>of a segregated communion service, and begins walking the four miles home with daughter. A few months later, she and Ernest are removed from their positions by the Mission Board.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1944<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 EMS student\u00a0Margaret Derstine recounts<\/a>\u00a0tension on campus about Black students. One poster circulates, depicting the president blessing a graduate off to be a missionary in Africa, while the dean holds the back door closed to Black applicant.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Margaret \u201cPeggy\u201d Webb Howard, in a 1954 Shenandoah Yearbook photo.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1945 <\/strong>\u2013 Margaret \u201cPeggy\u201d Webb, Roberta\u2019s daughter, applies to EMS. The administration suggests<\/a> she go to Hesston, which she does.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That same year, the May 2 Weather Vane reports in \u201cTabulated Tidbits,\u201d that \u201cAt the request of the Webb sisters, Ralph Shenk with a girls\u2019 quartet went to the colored school to regive his sermon on \u2018Perennial Romance.\u2019 The group enjoyed a dinner at the school cafeteria.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1945<\/strong> \u2013 Faced with Black applicants, the EMS Board of Trustees writes<\/a> in their minutes, \u201cwe feel that at this time it would be unwise to admit such students into the co-educational institution. However we express our heartfelt sympathies for our colored brethren and sisters with their education problems and are ready to open up such measures of opportunity for them as such opportunities are expedient and possible.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1945 \u2013 <\/strong>TheEMS President\u2019s daughter Grace Mumaw, a sophomore at EMHS, visits<\/a> the Lucy Simms School for a mixed-audience D.C. gospel choir performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1946<\/strong> \u2013 Rowena Lark\u2019s husband James becomes the first Black person ordained<\/a> in the Mennonite church.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1946<\/strong> \u2013 EMS accepts its first non-white students, a brother and sister from China. <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1947<\/strong> Ada Webb, daughter of Roberta, applies and is denied. She attends night classes at Roosevelt College in Chicago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1948<\/strong> \u2013 The EMS board of trustees refers<\/a> the decision on admitting Black students to the VMC. VMC refers back to EMS to make its own decision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1948<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Willis Johnson (Black) enrolls as a part-time high school Bible student<\/a>. He, along with the other five Black students first enrolled at EMC\u00a0do not finish their degrees<\/a>\u00a0due to social, financial and academic obstacles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Ada Webb: first row, first from left, in a class photo circa 1949.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

1949\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013\u00a0Ada Webb (Roberta\u2019s daughter) is accepted<\/a>\u00a0at EMC\u2019s junior college as the first full-time Black student. According to a letter from classmate Abram Hostetter to Jay B. Landis, she had to sit in back of chapel alone, while everyone else was arranged by alphabet. Nobody would walk with her, so Hostetter started accompanying her across campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

She transfers to Hesston College, and later graduates from La Junta School of Nursing (La Junta, Co.) in 1955.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1950 \u2013\u00a0<\/strong>Marjorie Thompson is the first<\/a>\u00a0Black student to stay in the EMC dorm. She leaves after one semester.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Peggy Webb Howard: third row, third from left, in a summer school photo from 1954. Another Black student, Lessie Virginia Strother Miller: first row, fourth from left, went on to study at James Madison University, according to her 1986 obituary.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1952<\/strong> \u2013 Peggy Webb Howard is admitted<\/a> to EMC after being personally invited back by President John R. Mumaw.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1952 \u2013 <\/strong>President Mumaw is visited<\/a> by a Black friend from an African mission; a restaurant downtown refuses to serve them together in the main dining room.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1953<\/strong> \u2013 White student Jay B. Landis wins<\/a> an oratorical contest with an essay advocating for racial equality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

April 1954<\/strong> \u2013 Peggy Webb Howard is the first Black student<\/a> to graduate from EMC. She and Jay B. Landis co-wrote<\/a> and led their commencement song. She did not wear a head covering to the ceremony. Howard earned a BS in music, social science, and secondary education, and was a member of the Zelathean and Mennonite Historical clubs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

May 1954<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 The Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education rules segregation in schools unconstitutional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Peggy Webb Howard, first from left, in a Mennonite Historical club photo from 1954.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

1954<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 EMC sociology student\u00a0Aubrey Shenk goes<\/a>\u00a0to Zion Mennonite\u00a0Church in Broadway to record\u00a0reactions to EMC\u2019s desegregation policies. She receives varied responses. One EMC grad there, a young businessman, is all for integration. The pastor discourages them, and mentions that the \u201cYankee\u201d teachers at EMHS were his first introduction to the Gettysburg address.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1955<\/strong> \u2013 VMC lifts strictures<\/a> on integrated worship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1957 <\/strong>\u2013 In the Jan-Feb issue of Broad Street Mennonite Church\u2019s Missionary Light, <\/em>Paul Peachey commends BSMC for \u201cits stand in desegregation ahead of the times.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1958 \u2013 <\/strong>Virginia public schools integrate.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

1959<\/strong> \u2013The Richmond Times Dispatch<\/em> runs a story <\/a>on six Virginia colleges accepting Black students, and notes that EMC was the first.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1960<\/strong> \u2013 Vincent Harding and wife Rosemarie Freeney<\/a> (the first Black Goshen College graduate) accept positions with Mennonite Central Committee to open the integrated Peace House in Atlanta. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1962 \u2013 <\/strong>Vincent and Rosemarie Harding first visit campus<\/a>, and challenge Mennonites to advocate for racial equality. They feel that Harrisonburg Mennonites are unaware of and insensitive towards inequality. They find out a Mennonite hotel owner turned away the Black parents of an EMC student. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1962<\/strong> \u2013EMC\u2019s radio program The Mennonite Hour<\/em><\/a> pushes a racial equality agenda, and gets community pushback.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1962<\/strong> \u2013EMC and EMHS play basketball games<\/a> against the Black students of Lucy Simms High School. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1962 \u2013 <\/strong>D.C. native Grandison Hill begins classes at EMC<\/a> (one of four Black students that year) in August. He encounters both a sense of community and racism, and transfers out after one year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1963 \u2013\u00a0<\/strong>The Hardings visit Harrisonburg again<\/a>, and go\u00a0to EMC and Broad Street Church.\u00a0Professors John Lapp and Samuel Horst, inspired by their visit,<\/a>\u00a0form the committee largely responsible for the desegregation of Harrisonburg schools and hotels.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Vincent and Rosemarie Harding<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

1963<\/strong> \u2013 The Hardings meet with EMC graduate Titus Bender<\/a> (white) in Missisippi, where he shocks the couple by publicly embracing them. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Martin Luther King, Jr. gives the  \u201cI Have A Dream\u201d speech in August on the National Mall.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1966<\/strong> \u2013 Student Lee Roy Berry becomes the first Black student on stage: the May 13 Weathervane<\/a> reported that he \u201ccaptured the psychological struggle of Othello\u201d in his performance put on by the Promethian Literary Society. [He went on to be a celebrated bilingual attorney in Goshen, Indiana, and a professor of political science at Goshen College.]1971<\/strong>  \u2013 The YPCA continues outreach to the African American community in Newtown.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1980-85 \u2013 <\/strong>Abraham Davis becomes<\/a> the first director of the Cross-Cultural Center, precursor to Multicultural and International Student Services.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1986 \u2013\u00a0<\/strong>Eric Payne MA \u201916\u00a0first enrolls at EMU<\/a>, and feels isolated and alienated. He helps form the precursor to the Black Student Union (BSU). Payne leaves\u00a0EMU in 1987.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Peggy Webb Howard Christopher, the first Black graduate of EMC, speaks at the Discipleship Center, 1997. (Christopher Kurtz, Weather Vane.)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

1997<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Peggy Webb Howard Christopher visits EMU<\/a>\u00a0to speak in classes and at a Coming Together service in the Discipleship Center.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1997 \u2013 <\/strong>Melody Pannell<\/a> (who would later become Director of Multicultural Services and a professor) graduates as one of 70 American students of color from EMU.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2005<\/strong> \u2013 Melody Pannell organizes<\/a> a BSU reunion; 25 alumni attend.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2006 \u2013 <\/strong>The graduating class includes 148 American students of color<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2011<\/strong> \u2013 Professor Mark Sawin leads a chapel<\/a> about desegregation; Jay Landis and other classmates of Peggy Webb Howard Christopher attend.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2014 \u2013 <\/strong>Vincent Harding visits campus<\/a> to give the Albert Keim History Lecture \u201cIs America Possible?,\u201d and presents in undergraduate and seminary chapels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2016 \u2013<\/strong> The Black Student Union organizes a Town Hall on Race<\/a>, with other activities during Black History Month.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2016 \u2013 <\/strong>EMU hosts<\/a> the national gathering of Coming to the Table.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2016<\/strong> \u2013 A faculty\/staff conference <\/a>meets on \u201cEmbracing Diversity.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2017<\/strong> \u2013 BSU hosts a second Town Hall on Race<\/a>, with more diverse participation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2017<\/strong> \u2013The Donning of the Kente ceremony<\/a>, in its second year, honors accomplishments of students of color.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cDiversify\u201d is a one of four key goals of EMU\u2019s strategic plan and a committee on diversity and inclusion plays a key role in campus life and decision making. However, the broader culture, country and ... read more about African American history at EMU: a timeline<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":49723,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"feature":[],"class_list":["post-49722","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\nAfrican American history at EMU: a timeline - EMU News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/emu.edu\/now\/news\/2017\/african-american-history-at-emu-a-timeline\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"African American history at EMU: a timeline - EMU News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u201cDiversify\u201d is a one of four key goals of EMU\u2019s strategic plan and a committee on diversity and inclusion plays a key role in campus life and decision making. 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